Lab 03 - CN.pdf
- We work on three classes in Ip Address (A , B and C) the other classes are used for large network i.e. NASA
- Hub is a dumb device which will transfer message to all
IP Address:
- IP stands for Internet Protocol, and an IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
- It serves two main purposes - host or network interface identification and location addressing.
- There are two types of IP addresses - IPv4 (32-bit) and IPv6 (128-bit). IPv4 is more widely used, but IPv6 is being adopted to address the growing number of devices connected to the internet.
- It is represented as four sets of decimal numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
- It uses hexadecimal representation and has a more extensive address space (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
- IPv4 addresses are divided into classes based on their leading bits: Class A, B, C, D, and E.
- Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
- Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
- Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
- Class D: Reserved for multicast groups
- Class E: Reserved for experimental purposes
- Subnetting allows dividing a larger network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks, improving efficiency and security.
- Private IP addresses are used within a network and are not routable on the internet. Public IP addresses are globally unique and can be used to communicate over the internet.
- Public IP address ranges include:
- Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
- Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
- Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
- Common private IP address ranges include:
- Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
- Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
- Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Hubs:
- A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple devices in a LAN, allowing them to communicate with each other.
- Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model, simply forwarding data to all devices connected to it without any filtering or intelligence.
- There are two main types - Active Hubs (powered, with signal regeneration capabilities) and Passive Hubs (unpowered, no signal regeneration).
- Hubs use broadcasting to transmit data, meaning data is sent to all devices connected to the hub, and it's up to the devices to determine if the data is intended for them.